Tumor Cerebral

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Un tumor cerebral es un crecimiento descontrolado de células derivadas de componentes cerebrales (tumores primarios) o de células tumorales localizadas en otras áreas del organismo y que migran hacia el cerebro (metástasis).

Los tumores pueden ser benignos o malignos, dependiendo de la rapidez de su crecimiento, del grado posible de resección o curación mediante diversos tratamientos, y de las posibilidades de causar pérdida importante de la función o la vida. A diferencia de los tumores de otros tejidos, en el cerebro las distinciones entre manifestaciones benignas y malignas no es tan clara, ya que un tumor de lento crecimiento, pequeño en dimensiones y que puede ser bien controlado con cirugía, sólo a causa  de su localización, puede provocar múltiples alteraciones funcionales (deteriorando de forma importante la vida normal del paciente) y poner incluso en peligro la vida. De ahí que el estudio y tratamiento de los tumores cerebrales es de gran controversia en el mundo médico.

Las neoplasias malignas de cualquier parte del organismo, pueden  producir metástasis (migración de la zona de origen a otra región) lo cual constituye un hecho excepcional, y que en el caso de migración hacia el cerebro constituye por lo general un dato de MUY MAL PRONOSTICO, ya que consideramos al cerebro y su medio ambiente, como una de las regiones más aisladas del organismo, y con eso, si un tumor logró su acceso a esta remota región, su agresividad es ALTA. Las metástasis hacia el SNC provienen, en orden de frecuencia, del pulmón, mama, piel (melanoma), riñón y gastrointestinal y tienden a crecer entre la unión de la corteza y la sustancia blanca.

                Tomando en cuenta lo anteriormente expuesto y las múltiples variables que hay en el tratamiento de esta enfermedad,  por nuestra parte consideramos, a la par de la mayoría de los consejos de neurocirugía en el mundo, que el tratamiento debe de ser siempre enfocado en el bienestar físico, mental y social, concentrando un equilibrio en la balanza de RIESGO-BENEFICIO del tratamiento y que el favor SIEMPRE sea hacia el paciente. Concluimos pues, que si el estilo y calidad de vida del paciente, se verán afectados solo por considerar una resección agresiva de la lesión, deberán de buscarse alternativas terapeuticas hasta lograr el mejor resultado a ofrecer.

Los tumores más frecuentes en el sistema nervioso central son:

GLIOMAS 

 Estos tumores se refieren a neoplasias que provienen de la “glía” o tejido que conforma la sustancia cerebral. La glía está formada por 4 tipos de células, entre las cuales se encuentran los astrocitos, ependimocitos y oligodendrocitos, y de cada uno de ellos se originan uno de los siguientes tumores:  

 

   1.- Atrocitoma:  Constituyen el 25-30 por ciento de los gliomas. Se presentan en los hemisferios cerebrales en los adultos y en el cerebelo en los niños.
 2- Oligodendrogliomas: Este tipo de tumor representa el 6 por ciento de los gliomas, y suele presentarse entre la cuarta y quinta décadas de la vida. Su localización más frecuente es en los lóbulos frontal y temporal.
3.- Ependimoma: Constituyen cerca del 5% de los gliomas intracraneales de los adultos y un 10% de los tumores del sistema nervioso central en niños. Aparecen comúnmente en el cuarto ventrículo en niños, y en el conducto ependimario o raquídeo en la región lumbosacra en adultos.
4.- Gliomas malignos: Son los tumores cerebrales primarios más frecuentes y agresivos. Causan globalmente un 2 por ciento de las muertes por cáncer. Los tres tipos histopatológicos más frecuentes son el glioblastoma multiforme, el astrocitoma anaplásico y el oligodendroglioma anaplásico.

 MENINGIOMAS

 

 

Constituyen el 15-20 por ciento de los tumores intracraneanos primarios. Son más frecuentes entre los 20 y los 60 años de edad. Se originan en las células aracnoideas de las meninges, son muy frecuentes y benignos; están encapsulados y bien limitados, aparecen en cualquier lugar del cerebro. 

 

 

 

Sin embargo, aunque la mayoria de estos tumores son benignos y acarrean buen pronóstico, hay ciertos tipos de meningiomas, de localización central o adyacente a estructuras vasculares o neurales importantes que solo por su ubicación pueden comprometer en gran manera la función o incluso la vida.

 

 METÁSTASIS

Las células cancerígenas de un sitio en el organismo pueden viajar hasta el cerebro a través de sistema circulatorio, por la vía linfática y con el líquido cefalorraquídeo. La forma más común es la circulatoria.

El cerebro es el sitio de preferencia de metástasis del melanoma (tumor de la piel) y del cáncer de las células pequeñas de pulmón. En el varón, las metástasis provienen principalmente del pulmón, del colon y del riñón. En la mujer, los casos más frecuentes son el cáncer de mama, de pulmón, de colon y el melanoma. Las metástasis espinales ocurren en el 5 por ciento de los pacientes con cáncer, más frecuentemente en el cáncer de mama, de próstata y el mieloma múltiple.

La característica principal de estas lesiones, es que su tamaño por lo general no es grande, sin embargo la inflamación que provocan (edema cerebral) es muy importante y de acuerdo al tiempo que se mantenga esta reacción, será el daño que sobrevendrá en el encéfalo, y de ser múltiples, el pronóstico se ensombrece.

 

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